Agilent Technologies 24A Podręcznik Użytkownika Strona 365
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Operating Concepts
S-Parameters
S-Parameters
The key accesses the S-parameter menu which contains softkeys that can be used
to select the parameters or inputs that define the type of measurement being performed.
Understanding S-Parameters
S-parameters (scattering parameters) are a convention used to characterize the way a
device modifies signal flow. A brief explanation of the S-parameters of a two-port device is
provided, however, for additional details, refer to Application Notes 95-1 and 154.
S-parameters are always a ratio of two complex (magnitude and phase) quantities.
S-parameter notation identifies these quantities using the numbering convention:
S out in
where the first number (out) refers to the test-device port where the signal is emerging and
the second number (in) is the test-device port where the signal is incident. For example,
the S-parameter S
21
identifies the measurement as the complex ratio of the signal
emerging at the test device's port 2 to the signal incident at the test device's port 1.
Figure 7-3 is a representation of the S-parameters of a two-port device, together with an
equivalent flowgraph. In the illustration, "a" represents the signal entering the device and
"b" represents the signal emerging. Note that a and b are not related to the A and B input
ports on the analyzer.
Meas
- User’s Guide 1
- Certification 2
- Assistance 2
- Safety Notes 3
- How to Use This Guide 3
- Documentation Map 4
- Contents 10
- 1 Making Measurements 14
- Making a Basic Measurement 17
- Using Display Functions 23
- Blanking the Display 34
- Using Markers 37
- To Activate Display Markers 38
- To Use Delta (∆) Markers 41
- To Activate a Fixed Marker 42
- To Use Polar Format Markers 45
- To Use Smith Chart Markers 46
- Setting the CW Frequency 51
- Measuring Electrical Length 56
- Measuring Phase Distortion 59
- Definitions 63
- Measuring Amplifiers 66
- Measuring Gain Compression 67
- (ES Analyzers Only) 71
- Trans: FWD S21 (B/R) 80
- Connect the Device Under Test 81
- Calibrate and Measure 84
- (Power: 0 dBm/IF BW: 3700 Hz) 85
- Using Linear Sweep 85
- Using Swept List Mode 85
- Creating Flat Limit Lines 87
- Creating a Sloping Limit Line 89
- Creating Single Point Limits 91
- Editing Limit Segments 92
- Running a Limit Test 92
- Offsetting Limit Lines 93
- Editing Ripple Test Limits 98
- Running the Ripple Test 100
- Making Measurements 101
- RIPL LIMIT on OFF 101
- RIPL VALUE BAND 103
- RIPL VALUE [ABSOLUTE ] 103
- RIPL VALUE [MARGIN ] 104
- Setting Up Bandwidth Limits 105
- Running a Bandwidth Test 107
- BW MARKER on OFF 108
- BW DISPLAY on OFF 109
- Using Test Sequencing 111
- Running a Sequence 113
- Stopping a Sequence 113
- Editing a Sequence 113
- Changing the Sequence Title 116
- Storing a Sequence on a Disk 117
- Loading a Sequence from Disk 117
- Purging a Sequence from Disk 117
- Printing a Sequence 118
- Loop Counter Example Sequence 127
- Limit Test Example Sequence 130
- 2 Making Mixer Measurements 132
- Using This Chapter 133
- Measurement Considerations 135
- How RF and IF Are Defined 138
- mode, the 139
- Power Meter Calibration 143
- Scale Ref 149
- AUTOSCALE 149
- Measurement 155
- Fixed IF Mixer Measurements 157
- Sequence 2 Setup 162
- Phase Measurements 165
- Amplitude and Phase Tracking 169
- , press: 172
- LO to RF Isolation 175
- RF Feedthrough 177
- SWR / Return Loss 180
- Velocity Factor 190
- --------= 190
- Time Domain Bandpass Mode 192
- Time Domain Low Pass Mode 195
- (Real Format) 198
- the CW frequency. For 203
- Windowing 207
- Circuit (Real Format) 209
- Resolution 212
- Range Resolution 214
- Setting the Gate 216
- Selecting Gate Shape 216
- Measurement Results 217
- Configuring a Print Function 220
- Defining a Print Function 222
- 1. Press 223
- Configuring a Plot Function 226
- Defining a Plot Function 231
- Selecting Line Types 233
- Choosing Scale 233
- Choosing Plot Speed 234
- To View Plot Files on a PC 238
- Using Ami Pro 239
- Using Freelance 239
- Save/Recall 247
- Parameters 250
- SYSTEM CONTROLLER 251
- Places Where You Can Save 252
- Saving an Instrument State 254
- Saving Measurement Results 255
- ASCII Data Formats 257
- #HZSDBR50 259
- Saving in Textual (CSV) Form 260
- Instrument State Files 262
- GRAPHICS on OFF 264
- DEFINE DISK-SAVE 264
- Re-Saving an Instrument State 266
- Deleting a File 267
- Renaming a File 268
- Recalling a File 269
- Formatting a Disk 269
- Interconnecting Cables 274
- Connector Repeatability 274
- Temperature Drift 275
- Frequency Drift 275
- Performance Verification 275
- , the test 278
- Increasing Sweep Speed 280
- To Widen the System Bandwidth 282
- To Set the Sweep Type 282
- To Activate Chop Sweep Mode 283
- To Use External Calibration 283
- Increasing Dynamic Range 285
- Reducing Noise 286
- Reducing Receiver Crosstalk 288
- Reducing Recall Time 288
- 6 Calibrating for Increased 289
- How to Use This Chapter 290
- Introduction 291
- Calibration Considerations 292
- Saving Calibration Data 293
- Restarting a Calibration 293
- The Calibration Standards 293
- 360° fl××() 295
- Interpolated Error Correction 296
- Types of Error Correction 298
- Receiver Calibration 303
- Measurements 305
- DONE ENH RESP CAL 313
- DONE: 1-PORT CAL 316
- DONE 2-PORT CAL 320
- Matched Adapters 333
- Fixtures 337
- TRL Error Correction 339
- LRM Error Correction 342
- 7 Operating Concepts 346
- System Operation 348
- The Built-In Test Set 349
- The Receiver Block 349
- The Microprocessor 349
- Required Peripheral Equipment 349
- Processing 350
- Processing Details 351
- Operating Concepts 352
- Processing 352
- COUPLED CH OFF 352
- Output Power 354
- Power Coupling Options 355
- Sweep Time 356
- Channel Stimulus Coupling 359
- Sweep Types 360
- Power Sweep (dBm) 364
- CW Time Sweep (Seconds) 364
- Selecting Sweep Modes 364
- S-Parameters 365
- The S-Parameter Menu 367
- Analyzer Display Formats 369
- Group Delay Format 370
- Smith Chart Format 371
- Polar Format 372
- Linear Magnitude Format 373
- SWR Format 374
- Real Format 374
- Imaginary Format 375
- Group Delay Principles 375
- SMOOTHING APERTURE 377
- Electrical Delay 378
- Noise Reduction Techniques 379
- IF Bandwidth Reduction 381
- Measurement Calibration 382
- RESUME CAL SEQUENCE 393
- Calibration Routines 399
- Modifying Calibration Kits 401
- Procedure 402
- Modify Calibration Kit Menu 402
- may still 404
- Verify performance 409
- Why Use TRL Calibration? 411
- TRL Terminology 412
- Calibration 415
- The TRL Calibration Procedure 416
- OFFSET Z0 418
- SET REF: THRU 421
- GPIB Operation 422
- GPIB STATUS Indicators 423
- System Controller Mode 423
- Talker/Listener Mode 423
- Pass Control Mode 423
- Address Menu 424
- Using the Parallel Port 424
- The GPIO Mode 425
- Limit Line Operation 426
- Edit Limits Menu 427
- Edit Segment Menu 427
- Offset Limits Menu 427
- Knowing the Instrument Modes 428
- 8753E 8753ES 431
- Yes Yes Yes 433
- General Information 435
- Safety Symbols 437
- Instrument Markings 437
- Safety Considerations 438
- Servicing 439
- Declaration of Conformity 441
- , conversion 445
- Index-10 451
- Index-11 452
- Index-12 453
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