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188 Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657)
Clipping a Waveform
How Peaks Cause Spectral Regrowth
In a waveform, high power peaks that occur infrequently cause the waveform to have a high
peak–to–average power ratio, as illustrated in the following figure.
Because the gain of a transmitter’s power amplifier is set to provide a specific average power, high
peaks can cause the power amplifier to move toward saturation. This causes the intermodulation
distortion that generates spectral regrowth. Spectral regrowth is a range of frequencies that develops
on each side of the carrier (similar to sidebands) and extends into the adjacent frequency bands (see
the following figure). Clipping provides a solution to this problem by reducing the peak–to–average
power ratio.
- Agilent X-Series 1
- Signal Generators 1
- Contents 10
- Documentation Overview 13
- 1 Signal Generator Overview 15
- Signal Generator Features 16
- Signal Generator Overview 17
- Modes of Operation 18
- Front Panel Overview 19
- 3. Softkeys 20
- 4. Numeric Keypad 20
- 5. Arrows and Select 20
- 6. Page Up 20
- 7. MENUS 20
- 22. Power Switch and LEDs 23
- Front Panel Display 24
- 4. Amplitude Area 25
- 5. Error Message Area 26
- 6. Text Area 26
- 7. Softkey Label Area 26
- 1. AC Power Receptacle 27
- 5 V to +5 V, nominal 28
- typically <10 mV 30
- BB TRIG 1 & BB TRIG 2 31
- PAT TRIG 31
- DIGITAL BUS I/O 31
- AUX I/O Connector 32
- 15. Z AXIS OUTPUT 40
- User Preferences 42
- Power On and Preset 43
- Front Panel Knob Resolution 44
- Setting Time and Date 44
- Upgrading Firmware 45
- Remote Operation Preferences 46
- Values are listed in the 47
- Programming Guide 47
- page 34 47
- Figure 2-1 N5171B/72B/81B/82B 49
- Figure 2-2 N5173B/83B 50
- Figure 2-3 N5171B/72B/81B/82B 51
- Figure 2-4 N5173B/83B 52
- Enabling an Option 53
- Viewing Options and Licenses 54
- 3 Basic Operation 57
- Viewing Key Descriptions 58
- Entering Alpha Characters 59
- (vector models only) 60
- Basic Operation 61
- Basic Operation 62
- Setting ALC Bandwidth Control 63
- Configuring a Swept Output 64
- Figure 3-4 Sweep Softkeys 65
- Routing Signals 66
- Step Sweep 66
- List Sweep 69
- Waveforms are available 70
- −2.5 > dBm 71
- Example: Using a Single Sweep 72
- Modulating the Carrier Signal 73
- AM modulation format on 74
- Working with Files 75
- File Softkeys 76
- Storing a File 79
- Sequence Register 85
- Reading Error Messages 87
- Analog Modulation Waveforms 90
- Analog Modulation Sources 90
- AM Depth > value 92
- Currently selected 93
- Setting the Wideband AM 94
- LF Out Modulation Sources 95
- LF Out configuration 97
- LF Out annunciator 97
- 5 Optimizing Performance 99
- Figure 5- 2, and Figure 5- 3 100
- Optimizing Performance 101
- Optimizing Performance 102
- Using the Power Meter Servo 108
- For details on each key, use 109
- protects the 110
- Using Flatness Correction 111
- Connect the Equipment 114
- Measured output power 126
- Configure External Leveling 128
- ALC Off Mode 133
- Power Search Mode 133
- Setting an Output Offset 136
- Setting an Output Reference 137
- Reference, or Multiplier 138
- 3 GHz so that the 139
- N5173B/83B only 141
- Using a USB Keyboard 142
- Figure 6-1 Pulse Softkeys 144
- Pulse Characteristics 145
- The Basic Procedure 147
- Example 148
- SCPI Commands: 149
- 5th, 6th, and 7th 151
- I/Q Modulation 156
- Waveform File Basics 160
- Figure 8-1 Dual ARB Softkeys 161
- Playing a Waveform Segment 163
- 5. Configure the RF Output: 164
- Waveform Sequences 165
- Creating a Sequence 166
- Editing a Sequence 167
- Playing a Sequence 168
- For details on each key 169
- Values differ between 173
- Using Waveform Markers 175
- Waveform Marker Concepts 176
- Accessing Marker Utilities 180
- Marker points on 185
- Setting Marker Polarity 188
- Sequence marker column 190
- 3 and 4 are enabled for this 190
- Triggering a Waveform 192
- Trigger Type 193
- Trigger Source 194
- Example: Gated Triggering 196
- Example: External Triggering 198
- Available only when 199
- How Power Peaks Develop 200
- Clipping a Waveform 201
- Figure 8-9 Circular Clipping 203
- Configuring Circular Clipping 206
- Scaling a Waveform 208
- Setting Waveform Scaling 212
- Modulated RF signal 216
- LO/carrier feedthrough 216
- I/Q Adjustments 222
- I/Q Calibration 224
- Using the Equalization Filter 226
- Figure 8-17 Filter Menu 228
- Figure 8-19 231
- Figure 8-20 233
- Figure 8-21 233
- These keys manage the table 234
- These softkeys select a 235
- (apodization function) for 235
- Modifying the Coefficients 236
- Storing the Filter to Memory 237
- There can be 1 to 15 243
- Real-Time Applications 250
- Waveform Licensing 251
- Figure 8-36 Add Waveform 256
- Figure 8-39 258
- Figure 9-6 on page 250 260
- Clock Timing 267
- Clock and sample rates 268
- Least significant bit 268
- Most significant bit 268
- Clock Source 270
- Common Frequency Reference 271
- 1 Clock Per Sample 274
- 4 Clocks Per Sample 275
- 2 Clocks Per Sample 275
- 1 Sample Period 276
- Clock Timing for Serial Data 278
- N5102A module 281
- Data Types 282
- Select either PXB or N5102A 283
- Selecting the Data Parameters 286
- softkey 288
- Generating Digital Data 293
- Selecting the Input Direction 296
- Configuring the Clock Signal 297
- Inactive for Input mode 298
- 10 MHz and above 200 MHz 298
- Digital Data 304
- 11 BERT (Option UN7) 305
- Block Diagram 306
- Clock Gate Function 306
- Clock/Gate Delay Function 307
- Figure 11-3 308
- Clock Delay Function 309
- BERT (Option UN7) 310
- Triggering 311
- Figure 11- 8 312
- Figure 11-8 312
- BERT (Option UN7) 313
- Data Processing 314
- Repeat Measurements 315
- Testing Signal Definitions 316
- Verifying BERT Operation 318
- Custom Modulation 330
- Figure 13-3 Mod Type Softkeys 333
- Creating and Using Bit Files 338
- , Binary 339
- (in Hex) 340
- Recalling a User File 342
- Understanding Burst Shape 344
- Figure 13-16 Burst Shape 349
- 4. Press Select File 350
- Configuring the RF Output 352
- 3. Press RF On/Off 352
- Modulation Type > Select 354
- Defining a Modulation 358
- Figure 13-22 FSK Table Editor 359
- Figure 13-24 I/Q Table Editor 360
- Opens the IS–95 367
- Figure 13-34 371
- Figure 13-35 372
- Figure 13-36 372
- Differential Encoding 376
- Data Value 00000011 379
- Using Differential Encoding 380
- Figure 13-41 381
- Figure 13-42 381
- −1. The symbol rotates 382
- Using Two–Tone Modulation 383
- Two–Tone Modulation Softkeys 384
- Creating a Two–Tone Waveform 384
- For details on 385
- For details on each 387
- Using Multitone Modulation 389
- Removing a Tone 390
- Generating the Waveform 390
- Using Secure Display 394
- 16 Troubleshooting 395
- Signal Generator Lock–Up 396
- RF Output 396
- RF Output Power too Low 397
- Distortion 397
- Troubleshooting 398
- Troubleshooting 399
- Cannot Turn Off Sweep 400
- Sweep Appears Stalled 400
- Internal Media Data Storage 401
- USB Media Data Storage 401
- Error Messages 402
- Front Panel Tests 403
- Self Test Overview 404
- Licenses 407
- Glossary 409
- Numerics 413
- , 122, 200 418
- , 274, 289 421
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