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186 Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657)
Clipping a Waveform
How Power Peaks Develop
To see how clipping reduces high power peaks, it is important to understand how the peaks develop
as you construct a signal.
Multiple Channel Summing
I/Q waveforms can be the summation of multiple channels, as shown in the following figure. If a bit
in the same state (high or low) occurs simultaneously in several individual channel waveforms, an
unusually high power peak (positive or negative) occurs in the summed waveform.
Because the high and low states of the bits in channel waveforms are random and generally result in
a cancelling effect, high power peaks occur infrequently with multiple channel summing.
- Agilent X-Series 1
- Signal Generators 1
- Contents 10
- Documentation Overview 13
- 1 Signal Generator Overview 15
- Signal Generator Features 16
- Signal Generator Overview 17
- Modes of Operation 18
- Front Panel Overview 19
- 3. Softkeys 20
- 4. Numeric Keypad 20
- 5. Arrows and Select 20
- 6. Page Up 20
- 7. MENUS 20
- 22. Power Switch and LEDs 23
- Front Panel Display 24
- 4. Amplitude Area 25
- 5. Error Message Area 26
- 6. Text Area 26
- 7. Softkey Label Area 26
- 1. AC Power Receptacle 27
- 5 V to +5 V, nominal 28
- typically <10 mV 30
- BB TRIG 1 & BB TRIG 2 31
- PAT TRIG 31
- DIGITAL BUS I/O 31
- AUX I/O Connector 32
- 15. Z AXIS OUTPUT 40
- User Preferences 42
- Power On and Preset 43
- Front Panel Knob Resolution 44
- Setting Time and Date 44
- Upgrading Firmware 45
- Remote Operation Preferences 46
- Values are listed in the 47
- Programming Guide 47
- page 34 47
- Figure 2-1 N5171B/72B/81B/82B 49
- Figure 2-2 N5173B/83B 50
- Figure 2-3 N5171B/72B/81B/82B 51
- Figure 2-4 N5173B/83B 52
- Enabling an Option 53
- Viewing Options and Licenses 54
- 3 Basic Operation 57
- Viewing Key Descriptions 58
- Entering Alpha Characters 59
- (vector models only) 60
- Basic Operation 61
- Basic Operation 62
- Setting ALC Bandwidth Control 63
- Configuring a Swept Output 64
- Figure 3-4 Sweep Softkeys 65
- Routing Signals 66
- Step Sweep 66
- List Sweep 69
- Waveforms are available 70
- −2.5 > dBm 71
- Example: Using a Single Sweep 72
- Modulating the Carrier Signal 73
- AM modulation format on 74
- Working with Files 75
- File Softkeys 76
- Storing a File 79
- Sequence Register 85
- Reading Error Messages 87
- Analog Modulation Waveforms 90
- Analog Modulation Sources 90
- AM Depth > value 92
- Currently selected 93
- Setting the Wideband AM 94
- LF Out Modulation Sources 95
- LF Out configuration 97
- LF Out annunciator 97
- 5 Optimizing Performance 99
- Figure 5- 2, and Figure 5- 3 100
- Optimizing Performance 101
- Optimizing Performance 102
- Using the Power Meter Servo 108
- For details on each key, use 109
- protects the 110
- Using Flatness Correction 111
- Connect the Equipment 114
- Measured output power 126
- Configure External Leveling 128
- ALC Off Mode 133
- Power Search Mode 133
- Setting an Output Offset 136
- Setting an Output Reference 137
- Reference, or Multiplier 138
- 3 GHz so that the 139
- N5173B/83B only 141
- Using a USB Keyboard 142
- Figure 6-1 Pulse Softkeys 144
- Pulse Characteristics 145
- The Basic Procedure 147
- Example 148
- SCPI Commands: 149
- 5th, 6th, and 7th 151
- I/Q Modulation 156
- Waveform File Basics 160
- Figure 8-1 Dual ARB Softkeys 161
- Playing a Waveform Segment 163
- 5. Configure the RF Output: 164
- Waveform Sequences 165
- Creating a Sequence 166
- Editing a Sequence 167
- Playing a Sequence 168
- For details on each key 169
- Values differ between 173
- Using Waveform Markers 175
- Waveform Marker Concepts 176
- Accessing Marker Utilities 180
- Marker points on 185
- Setting Marker Polarity 188
- Sequence marker column 190
- 3 and 4 are enabled for this 190
- Triggering a Waveform 192
- Trigger Type 193
- Trigger Source 194
- Example: Gated Triggering 196
- Example: External Triggering 198
- Available only when 199
- How Power Peaks Develop 200
- Clipping a Waveform 201
- Figure 8-9 Circular Clipping 203
- Configuring Circular Clipping 206
- Scaling a Waveform 208
- Setting Waveform Scaling 212
- Modulated RF signal 216
- LO/carrier feedthrough 216
- I/Q Adjustments 222
- I/Q Calibration 224
- Using the Equalization Filter 226
- Figure 8-17 Filter Menu 228
- Figure 8-19 231
- Figure 8-20 233
- Figure 8-21 233
- These keys manage the table 234
- These softkeys select a 235
- (apodization function) for 235
- Modifying the Coefficients 236
- Storing the Filter to Memory 237
- There can be 1 to 15 243
- Real-Time Applications 250
- Waveform Licensing 251
- Figure 8-36 Add Waveform 256
- Figure 8-39 258
- Figure 9-6 on page 250 260
- Clock Timing 267
- Clock and sample rates 268
- Least significant bit 268
- Most significant bit 268
- Clock Source 270
- Common Frequency Reference 271
- 1 Clock Per Sample 274
- 4 Clocks Per Sample 275
- 2 Clocks Per Sample 275
- 1 Sample Period 276
- Clock Timing for Serial Data 278
- N5102A module 281
- Data Types 282
- Select either PXB or N5102A 283
- Selecting the Data Parameters 286
- softkey 288
- Generating Digital Data 293
- Selecting the Input Direction 296
- Configuring the Clock Signal 297
- Inactive for Input mode 298
- 10 MHz and above 200 MHz 298
- Digital Data 304
- 11 BERT (Option UN7) 305
- Block Diagram 306
- Clock Gate Function 306
- Clock/Gate Delay Function 307
- Figure 11-3 308
- Clock Delay Function 309
- BERT (Option UN7) 310
- Triggering 311
- Figure 11- 8 312
- Figure 11-8 312
- BERT (Option UN7) 313
- Data Processing 314
- Repeat Measurements 315
- Testing Signal Definitions 316
- Verifying BERT Operation 318
- Custom Modulation 330
- Figure 13-3 Mod Type Softkeys 333
- Creating and Using Bit Files 338
- , Binary 339
- (in Hex) 340
- Recalling a User File 342
- Understanding Burst Shape 344
- Figure 13-16 Burst Shape 349
- 4. Press Select File 350
- Configuring the RF Output 352
- 3. Press RF On/Off 352
- Modulation Type > Select 354
- Defining a Modulation 358
- Figure 13-22 FSK Table Editor 359
- Figure 13-24 I/Q Table Editor 360
- Opens the IS–95 367
- Figure 13-34 371
- Figure 13-35 372
- Figure 13-36 372
- Differential Encoding 376
- Data Value 00000011 379
- Using Differential Encoding 380
- Figure 13-41 381
- Figure 13-42 381
- −1. The symbol rotates 382
- Using Two–Tone Modulation 383
- Two–Tone Modulation Softkeys 384
- Creating a Two–Tone Waveform 384
- For details on 385
- For details on each 387
- Using Multitone Modulation 389
- Removing a Tone 390
- Generating the Waveform 390
- Using Secure Display 394
- 16 Troubleshooting 395
- Signal Generator Lock–Up 396
- RF Output 396
- RF Output Power too Low 397
- Distortion 397
- Troubleshooting 398
- Troubleshooting 399
- Cannot Turn Off Sweep 400
- Sweep Appears Stalled 400
- Internal Media Data Storage 401
- USB Media Data Storage 401
- Error Messages 402
- Front Panel Tests 403
- Self Test Overview 404
- Licenses 407
- Glossary 409
- Numerics 413
- , 122, 200 418
- , 274, 289 421
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