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184 Agilent N5161A/62A/81A/82A/83A MXG Signal Generators User’s Guide
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654)
Clipping a Waveform
How Peaks Cause Spectral Regrowth
In a waveform, high power peaks that occur infrequently cause the waveform to have a high
peak–to–average power ratio, as illustrated in the following figure.
Because the gain of a transmitter’s power amplifier is set to provide a specific average power, high
peaks can cause the power amplifier to move toward saturation. This causes the intermodulation
distortion that generates spectral regrowth. Spectral regrowth is a range of frequencies that develops
on each side of the carrier (similar to sidebands) and extends into the adjacent frequency bands (see
the following figure). Clipping provides a solution to this problem by reducing the peak–to–average
power ratio.
- Agilent Technologies 1
- N5161A/62A/81A/82A/ 1
- MXG Signal Generators 1
- Contents 10
- Documentation Overview 13
- 1 Signal Generator Overview 15
- Signal Generator Features 16
- Signal Generator Overview 17
- Modes of Operation 18
- MXG Vector Signal Generator 19
- N5181A 100 kHz – 6 GHz 19
- Signal Generator Overview 20
- 1. Host USB 23
- 2. Power Switch and LEDs 24
- 3. LAN LED 24
- 4. 1588 LED 24
- 5. ERROR LED 24
- 6. LAN Reset Hardkey 24
- 1. Active Function Area 25
- 2. Frequency Area 25
- 3. Annunciators 25
- 4. Amplitude Area 26
- 5. Error Message Area 27
- 6. Text Area 27
- 7. Softkey Label Area 27
- Annunciators 27
- Rear Panel Overview – N5161A 29
- /81A/82A MXG 29
- 5. PULSE 30
- 6. TRIG IN 30
- 7. TRIG OUT 30
- 8. REF IN 31
- 9. 10 MHz OUT 31
- 10. GPIB 31
- 12. Device USB 31
- typically <10 mV 32
- PAT TRIG 33
- DIGITAL BUS I/O 33
- 1. AC Power Receptacle 35
- 2. SWEEP OUT 35
- 13. Z AXIS OUTPUT 37
- 14. ALC INPUT 38
- User Preferences 40
- Power On and Preset 41
- Front Panel Knob Resolution 42
- Setting Time and Date 42
- Upgrading Firmware 43
- Remote Operation Preferences 44
- Listed in the 45
- Programming Guide 45
- page 32 45
- Figure 2-1 N5161A/62A/81A/82A 47
- Figure 2-2 N5183A 48
- Figure 2-3 N5161A/62A/81A/82A 49
- Figure 2-4 N5183A 50
- Enabling an Option 51
- Viewing Options and Licenses 52
- 3 Basic Operation 55
- Viewing Key Descriptions 56
- Entering Alpha Characters 57
- (vector models only) 58
- Basic Operation 59
- Basic Operation 60
- Setting ALC Bandwidth Control 61
- Configuring a Swept Output 62
- Figure 3-4 Sweep Softkeys 63
- Routing Signals 64
- Step Sweep 64
- Figure 3-7 Equipment Setup 66
- List Sweep 70
- Waveforms are available 71
- −2.5 > dBm 72
- Example: Using a Single Sweep 73
- Modulating the Carrier Signal 74
- Working with Files 76
- File Softkeys 77
- Storing a File 79
- Sequence Register 86
- Reading Error Messages 88
- AM Depth > value 90
- Removing a DC Offset 91
- Using Wideband AM 91
- Setting the Wideband AM 92
- 5 Optimizing Performance 93
- Optimizing Performance 100
- Optimizing Performance 101
- Using Flatness Correction 102
- Connect the Equipment 105
- Using I/Q Mod Skew Cal 113
- Measured output power 118
- Configure External Leveling 120
- ALC Off Mode 124
- Power Search Mode 125
- Power Search Settings 127
- Setting an Output Reference 128
- Reference, or Multiplier 130
- Using LXI (Option ALB) 134
- page 124 136
- page 50 136
- page 123 138
- For More Information 139
- Using a USB Keyboard 140
- Figure 6-1 Pulse Softkeys 142
- Pulse Characteristics 143
- Figure 6-2 Adjustable Doublet 144
- Figure 6-3 Trigger Doublet 144
- The Basic Procedure 145
- Pulse Train 147
- 5th, 6th, and 7th 148
- I/Q Modulation 152
- Waveform File Basics 156
- Figure 8-1 Dual ARB Softkeys 157
- Playing a Waveform Segment 159
- 5. Configure the RF Output: 160
- Waveform Sequences 161
- Creating a Sequence 162
- Editing a Sequence 163
- Playing a Sequence 164
- For details on each key 165
- Values differ between 169
- Using Waveform Markers 171
- Waveform Marker Concepts 172
- Accessing Marker Utilities 176
- Marker points on 181
- Setting Marker Polarity 184
- Sequence marker column 186
- 3 and 4 are enabled for this 186
- Triggering a Waveform 188
- Trigg er Typ e 189
- Trigg er Source 190
- Example: Gated Triggering 192
- Example: External Triggering 194
- Available only when 195
- How Power Peaks Develop 196
- Clipping a Waveform 197
- Figure 8-9 Circular Clipping 199
- Configuring Circular Clipping 202
- Scaling a Waveform 204
- Setting Waveform Scaling 208
- Modulated RF signal 212
- LO/carrier feedthrough 212
- I/Q Adjustments 217
- I/Q Calibration 219
- Using the Equalization Filter 221
- Figure 8-17 Filter Menu 223
- Figure 8-19 226
- Figure 8-20 228
- Figure 8-21 228
- These keys manage the table 229
- These softkeys select a 230
- (apodization function) for 230
- Modifying the Coefficients 231
- Storing the Filter to Memory 232
- There can be 1 to 15 238
- Figure 8-35 Add Waveform 250
- Figure 8-38 252
- ≥A.01.20 253
- 1. Create the waveform: 254
- For details on each 255
- Table 8-7 on page 242 255
- Important! Always 259
- Using Waveform 5–Pack History 260
- Licensing > 5–Pack History 261
- see page 249 262
- Waveforms 263
- Figure 8-46 264
- Figure 9-6 on page 256 266
- Custom Modulation 280
- Configuring the RF Output 286
- 3. Press RF On/Off 286
- Modulation Type > Select 288
- Opens the IS–95 295
- Figure 11-14 298
- Figure 11-15 299
- Figure 11-16 299
- Differential Encoding 303
- Data Value 00000011 306
- Using Differential Encoding 307
- Figure 11-21 308
- Figure 11-22 308
- −1. The symbol rotates 309
- Creating a Two–Tone Waveform 313
- For details on 314
- Using Multitone Modulation 318
- Removing a Tone 319
- Generating the Waveform 319
- Understanding Memory Types 323
- Erase All 326
- Erase and Overwrite All 327
- Erase and Sanitize All 327
- Secure Mode 328
- 14 Troubleshooting 331
- Signal Generator Lock–Up 332
- RF Output 332
- RF Output Power too Low 333
- Distortion 333
- Troubleshooting 334
- Troubleshooting 335
- Cannot Turn Off Sweep 336
- Sweep Appears Stalled 336
- Internal Media Data Storage 337
- USB Media Data Storage 337
- Error Messages 338
- Front Panel Tests 339
- Self Test Overview 340
- For instruments with 341
- Licenses 342
- Glossary 345
- Numerics 349
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