Agilent Technologies E5864A Dokumentacja

AgilentPNA-X Series Microwave Network AnalyzersActive-Device Characterization in Pulsed Operation Using the PNA-X Application Note

10PNA-X IF pathsFigure 7 shows the PNA-X receiver/IF path block diagram with internal pulse generators and modulators. The narrowband filter path empl

11Internal pulse modulatorsThe PNA-X with the internal pulse modulator options adds a pulse modulator to the “OUT 1” of each internal source (Option 0

12Pulse system delaysFrom pulse trigger to internal pulse generators, to pulse modulators, and then to ADC for data acquisition, there are some delays

13Internal pulse generators start generating the pulses approximately 60 to 100 ns after the pulse trigger inputs at the PULSE SYNC IN – (denoted as p

14Setting up pulsed-RF measurements continuedStep 2 Synchronize data acquisition and pulsesWith internal pulse generator option, pulse trigger feature

15Setting up with pulsed-RF measurement applicationOption 008 pulsed-RF application optimizes the setup through Pulse Setup dialog, and adds narrowban

16Autoselect Pulse Detection MethodIf selected, wideband detection method is used for pulse widths of 267 ns or wider for point-in-pulse measurements,

17PNA-X wideband pulse measurementsWideband pulse measurements are accomplished by modulating the RF source, setting the IF bandwidth wide enough to c

18Figure 13. Wideband pulse profile data acquisition using widest IF bandwidthIn wideband pulse profile measurements, all the data is acquired with a

19Table 1 shows theoretical values of the data-acquisition time-per-point and timing resolution for each IF bandwidth. These represent the minimum pul

2Table of ContentsIntroduction ...

20Synchronizing pulsed-RF stimulus and measurementsIn wideband pulse measurements, the appropriate IF bandwidth and the pulse generators’ width/delay

21When the measurement delay (or pulse delay) is adjusted, it is crucial to keep the data acquisition window within the pulses. Unlike previous exampl

22In pulse-to-pulse measurements, PRI has to be wide enough for the PNA-X to keep up with the data acquisition from one pulse to the next. The minimum

23Wideband pulse system dynamic rangeThe wideband detection with PNA-X can be used for relatively fast pulsed-RF operation (with shorter PRI or high P

24The Option 008 pulsed-RF measurement uses narrowband detection method for a pulse width narrower than 267 ns in standard pulse (point-in-pulse) meas

25Figure 18 shows how the narrowband filter path affects pulsed-RF signals by looking at the central frequency tone of the pulsed-RF signals with 200

26Software gatingThe IF gating in the narrowband filter path uses hardware switches driven by a pulse generator, which leaves residual noise at the ga

27Figure 20 shows an example of the dynamic range improvement that the PNA-X has over the E836x PNA models due to the narrowband filter path and the so

28Digital filter nullingThe gated and filtered pulsed IF signal is digitized and sent to DSP for IF filtering. The remaining pulse spectrum is filtere

29Active-Device Measurements with Calibrated StimulusDevices that operate under pulsed conditions are often discrete active devices or modules that co

3IntroductionVector network analyzers (VNA) are the common tool for characterizing RF and microwave components in both continuous-wave (CW) and pulsed

30Reference receivers are typically used for the receiver leveling, although any receiver or a power sensor (if added as a receiver to the PNA-X) can

31The following examples show calibration with pulse modulation off.Receiver leveling with wideband detectionThis section explains the basic steps to

32Performing receiver and S-parameter calibrationsA calibrated receiver enables accurate and leveled pulsed-RF stimulus using receiver leveling mode.

33Comparing the resultsFigure 24 also shows memory traces comparing the input match, gain, input power, and output power under pulsed conditions with

34Figure 25b. Measurements after calibration with pulse modulator offFigure 25c. Corrected pulsed-RF S-parameters and absolute power measurements usin

35Swept-power measurement examplesThe setup and calibration processes described in the previous sections can be used for swept-power with either wideb

36Improving stimulus power level accuracy in pulse profile measurementsIn pulse profile measurements, regardless of wideband or narrowband detec-tion t

37Compression vs. Frequency Measurements in Pulse ModeGain Compression (commonly specified as input/output power at 1 dB com-pression point: IP1dB/OP1

38In the swept power measurement example shown earlier (Figure 26), found were different input powers at compression points by the leveling mode due t

39Two-tone IMD measurements in Pulse ModeThe PNA-X employs clean internal sources with high output power, internal combining network, and an optional

4Device TypesFigure 1 shows two types of pulse operation modes, pulsed-RF and pulsed-bias. Pulsed-RF operation drives the device with a pulse-modulate

40The IMD calibration includes R1 receiver calibration, source 1 and source 2 power calibration, and B receiver calibration when port 1 for the DUT in

41Figure 30b. Wideband pulse swept-frequency IMD measurements with receiver levelingFigure 30c shows swept-power IMD measurements with the same pulse

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5Pulsed-RF Measurement TypesFigure 2 shows three major types of pulsed-RF measurements. The first two are pulsed S-parameter measurements, where a sin

6Pulsed-RF Detection TechniquesFigure 3 shows an important measure of a pulsed RF signal and its relationship between the time and frequency domain. W

7Wideband detectionWideband detection can be used when the majority of the pulsed-RF spectrum is within the bandwidth of the receiver. In this case, t

8Narrowband detectionNarrowband detection is used when most of the pulsed-RF spectrum is outside the bandwidth of the receiver. In other words, the pu

9Pulsed-RF S-parameter Measurements Using PNA-XThis section discusses pulsed-RF S-parameter measurements using the PNA-X with wideband detection and n