Agilent Technologies 22A Dokumentacja Pobierz pdf (Strona 99)

Figure 7-15. Which ones are the real signals?

–

LO frequency (GHz)

Input frequency (GHz)

–

10+

–

12+

–

14+

–

16+

–

18+

–

58.5

57.8572

Apparent

location of

image pair

Figure 7-16. Harmonic tuning lines for the E4407B ESA-E spectrum analyzer

1 2 ... 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 ... 119 120

Spectrum Analysis Basics 1
Table of Contents 2
— continued 3
Chapter 1 4
Introduction 4
What is a spectrum? 5
Why measure spectra? 6
Types of measurements 8
Types of signal analyzers 8
Chapter 2 10
Spectrum Analyzer 10
Fundamentals 10
Accuracy.” 11
RF attenuator 12
Tuning the analyzer 12
IF gain 16
Resolving signals 16
H(4000) = –10(4) log 18
Residual FM 19
Phase noise 20
Sweep time 22
Digital resolution filters 23
Envelope detector 24
Displays 25
Detector types 26
Positive peak 27
Negative peak 27
One bucket 27
(positive) detection 28
Peak (positive) detection 29
Negative peak detection 29
Normal detection 29
1Buckets 2 3 4 5678910 31
Average detection 32
Averaging processes 33
Video filtering 34
Trace Averaging 36
Time gating 38
RF signal 40
Gate signal 40
Gated FFT 42
Gated video 42
Gated sweep 43
Chapter 3 44
Digital IF Overview 44
The all-digital IF 45
Custom signal processing IC 47
Frequency counting 47
Chapter 4 49
Amplitude and 49
Frequency Accuracy 49
Frequency response 51
Relative uncertainty 52
Absolute amplitude accuracy 52
Improving overall uncertainty 53
The digital IF section 54
Examples 55
Frequency accuracy 56
Chapter 5 58
Sensitivity and Noise 58
Noise figure 61
Preamplifiers 62
Spectrum analyzer 63
–10 –5 0 +5 +10 64
Noise as a signal 65
1% (±0.044 dB) 67
Chapter 6 70
Dynamic Range 70
Attenuator test 74
2nd order 78
Gain compression 80
Chapter 7 83
Extending the 83
Frequency Range 83
Image frequencies 86
4.7 4.9 5.1 5.3 88
Preselector 90
Amplitude calibration 91
Improved dynamic range 92
External harmonic mixing 96
Signal identification 98
Figure 7-17a. 14 100
Chapter 8 102
Modern Spectrum Analyzers 102
Figure 8-1. CCDF measurement 103
Digital modulation analysis 105
Saving and printing data 106
Firmware updates 108
Glossary of Terms 110
Agilent Email Updates 120

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